Comparing An Arc Flash Hazard Analysis to An Alternative Approach [NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)]

My topic on how often you are required to conduct an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis has opened some eyes of facility engineers and those responsible for electrical safety (e.g. Safety Managers).  Many organizations have the resources, either financial or manpower, to conduct an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis.  However, there are some organizations that do not have those resources.

Luckily, the Standard for Electrical Safety in Workplace (NFPA 70E) provides some guidance for those organizations that need an alternative approach to conducting an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis.  NFPA 70E, Article 130.5 requires an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis be conducted and that analysis shall be reviewed and/or updated every five years or whenever a major modification occurs [1].  There is an exception that allows for the use of NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) be permitted instead of conducting an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis to determine what protective methods are to be used by Qualified Employees who are working on or near exposed live (energized) circuits [1].

Table 130.7(C)(15) provides a description of various tasks for particular energized equipment and provides corresponding levels of arc flash personal protective equipment (PPE), whether or not insulated gloves (for shock protection) are required, and whether or not insulated tools are required.  Table 130.7(C)(16) provides a description of the levels of arc flash PPE.

The advantage of using Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) is that it can be easier to determine the PPE requirements for a particular task and location as compared to the arc flash hazard analysis.  When using these tables the notes associated with each section shall be followed.  This requires that the short circuit current and the opening time of the upstream overcurrent protective device be determined.  In many cases, this will require an engineer to conduct the evaluation.

The disadvantage of using the Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) is that this method can result in a more conservative level of PPE required for working on or near exposed live (energized) circuits than what would be required if an arc flash hazard analysis was conducted.  Additionally, if the short circuit current (SCC) or the opening time of the overcurrent protective device exceeds the values denoted in the notes of the table in NFPA 70E, then the tables cannot be used.  This condition would then require an arc flash hazard analysis.

Probably the best way to show the limitations of Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) is through an example.

This example will determine the incident energy, the arc flash boundary, the Class of Shock Hazard PPE, and the Category of an Arc Flash Hazard PPE at point FA, the power control cabinet.  The example will compare the data obtained from performing an arc flash hazard analysis to using the tables in NFPA 70E.

The SLD is shown in Figure A1.  A 2 MVA transformer steps down utility power voltage, sourced from a 20 MVA substation located 1 mile away, from 34.5 kV to 480Y/277 three-phase, 4W+G.  The impedance of the transformer is five percent.  The output of the transformer supplies two 480 V circuits through circuit breakers CB1 and CB2 located 10 feet away by two 1000 MCM conductors paralleled per phase (C1).  Circuit breaker CB2 is connected to a power control cabinet by fifty feet of # 4/0 AWG conductor.  The power control cabinet is protected by a 200 A thermal-magnetic circuit breaker (CB3) with shunt trip capability.

Through a short circuit current study, the short circuit current at location FA is 42,300 A and the calculated arcing current is 19,760 A.  The bolted fault power is 35.2 MVA.  The clearing time of circuit breaker CB2 is 0.1 seconds.

The calculation for the Flash Protection Boundary can be accomplished using EQ1.

where D_FPB is the flash protection boundary in feet, MVA_BF is the bolted fault power, voltage and current (applicable between 16,000 A and 50,000 A), and t is the duration of the fault (less than 0.6 seconds).

The calculation for the Incident Energy at 18 inches can be accomplished using EQ2.

where E_INC is the incident energy in Calories/cm², FA is the short circuit current (fault current) in kilo-amperes (applicable between 16,000 and 50,000 A), and t is the duration of the fault in seconds.

Performing the arc flash hazard analysis utilizing the above information, EQ1 and EQ2 yields a Flash Protection Boundary of 3.1 inches, and an Incident Energy of 11.7 calories/cm².  Based on these calculations, the PPE level required for the Power Control Cabinet is Category 3.

A summary is of the Arc Flash Hazard Analysis is shown in Figure A2:

As noted, an alternative to conducting an arc flash hazard analysis is to use Table 130.7(C)(15(a) from NFPA 70E.  Using NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(15)(a), the applicable task is “Panelboards or Other Equipment Rated > 240 V and up to 600 V”.  The particular applicable section is “Work on energized electrical conductors and circuit parts of utilization equipment feed directly by a branch circuit breaker of a panelboard”.

The notes indicate that the maximum short circuit current is 25,000 A, the maximum clearing time is 0.03 seconds (2 cycles) and the minimum working distance is 18 inches.  In this case, Table 130.7(C)(15(a) cannot be used as the short circuit current and the trip time exceeds the limiting parameters.  Trying to use Table 130.7(C)(15)(a) when the short circuit current and/or the trip time of the overcurrent protective device exceeds the amplitudes and/or duration stated in the notes can result in incident energy that exceeds the level of PPE stated.  This can create a hazardous condition that could result in an injury as severe as not wearing any PPE at all.

How Often Do I Need to Conduct an Arc Flash Hazard Analysis?

This month’s blog is going to focus on performing and arc flash hazard analysis.  In order for employees to work on exposed live (energized) circuits, an arc flash hazard analysis is needed to determine the incident energy available at the equipment and what personal protective equipment (PPE) is needed to work safely.

To perform an arc flash study of the electrical system, there are some background items that are required.  The first and foremost is an updated single-line drawing (SLD) or one-line drawing.  A single-line drawing is an electrical schematic of the electrical system of the facility.  This should include all switchgear, switchboards, panelboards, transfer switch equipment (automatic or manual), uninterruptible power systems (UPS), transformers, motors, variable speed drives (VFDs) or adjustable speed drives (ASDs), disconnecting devices.  In addition, information on conductors, e.g. size, number, lengths, supporting mechanisms (tray, conduit, air) are also required.  Information is also required on the service transformers and protective devices used by the electrical utility that feeds your facility.

Overcurrent protective devices, e.g. circuit breakers and fuses, are also required.  For information required for fuses include Class, Ampere Rating, Manufacturer and Type.  For circuit breakers, the information required includes Manufacturer, Type of breaker (LVPB, ICCB, MCCB), trip type (thermal-magnetic, electronic), and all associated settings.

Once the single-line drawing is complete, an electrical model can be constructed – while standards allow for the use of hand calculations or simulations, hand calculations can be become cumbersome.  Once the model is constructed, and arc flash hazard analysis can be conducted.  Standard simulation tools are available from SKM, ETAP, and EasyPower.  The analytical techniques that can be utilized to conduct an arc flash hazard analysis are described in IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations, IEEE 1584 and the Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E.  There are minimal differences between the model calculations.

 

Single-Line Diagram (SLD)

The arc flash analysis of the electrical system in the facility will provide the following outputs:

• Arc flash boundary
• Incident energy
• Shock hazard voltage
• Shock hazard boundaries
• Limited approach boundary
• Restricted approach boundary
• Prohibited approach boundary

Once the arc flash hazard analysis has been conducted, all equipment is labeled, and personnel are trained to work safely around exposed live (energized) circuits, is there more work to be done?

YES, there is more work that needs to be done.  The Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E states in Article 130.5 that an arc flash study needs to be reviewed every five years or whenever there is a significant change in the electrical system.  The five year interval is straight-forward requirement.  Determining a significant change can be left up to interpolation.

Whenever there are changes to the electrical system, the single-line diagram must be updated and the arc flash hazard analysis needs to be reviewed.  While the addition of small motors or new equipment may not affect the arc flash boundaries or incident energy of existing equipment, you will need this information to label the new equipment.  Major changes to the electrical system, e.g. new electrical service, the addition of large motors, facility expansions, etc. can result in the amount of incident energy at existing equipment.  This can require an update to all equipment labeling, and re-training of employees who work on exposed live (energized) circuits.  Even if there are no changes in the electrical system, a review of the arc flash hazard analysis is required at least every five years [1]. 

The review of the arc flash hazard analysis should be conducted in a formal manner.  This requires documentation.  Documentation can include reports of the analysis, meeting notes, and process reviews associated with any change management system used by your organization.  I recommend that all quality documentation related to the arc flash hazard review be keep on file for at least three cycles – the current arc flash hazard analysis plus to the past two arc flash hazard analyses.

On another note, the numbers of user of the Day-One-Safety checklist continues to grow.  I appreciate everyone who is using this tool.  This is another item in your toolbox to help keep your employees safe when working at various facilities.

If you are unfamiliar with the Day-One-Safety checklist, this software application is intended to assist people with working in new or unfamiliar facilities or locations.  This is a free on-line checklist available to anyone who wants would like to use it – and I will not hassle you to buy something in return.  To request a password send me an email at cole3250@gmail.com or to Login, click here.

References:

1. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E-2012.  Quincy, MA USA.

Arc Flash on Power Systems Rated 240 V and Below

I field a number of questions related to electrical codes, equipment design, and electrical hazards.  This month I had a number of questions related to the arc flash hazard requirements for equipment rated 240 V and below.  There is also a question related to this on the NFPA 70E group on LinkedIn.

Guidance for electrical safety comes from three standards:

• General Industry Safety Standards (OSHA 29 CFR 1910)
• Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace (NFPA 70E)
• IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations (IEEE 1584)

OSHA standards require that employees be protected from reasonable and foreseeable hazards.  Foreseeable hazards include shock hazards and arcing hazards (arc flash and arc blast).  Protection from electrical hazards is required whenever people are working on or near any electrical systems of 50 V or greater [1].

The need for protection from shock hazards when working on exposed live (energized) electrical systems where the voltage is 50 V or greater is well defined in standards and research papers.  The need for protection from arcing hazards is understood when working on or near electrical systems above 240 V.  For electrical systems rated 240 V and below, the need and type of protection from arcing hazards are not well defined or understood.

Common questions when people are going to be working on or near an electrical system rated 240 V below include:

• Does an arc flash hazard analysis need to be completed?
• Do employees need to be concerned with arcing hazards?
• What type of PPE do employees need to wear?
• Can I use the Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) in NFPA 70E?
• Is there an exemption for single-phase sources fed by a 125 kVA transformer or less?

Before we can answer the questions, we need some background information on IEEE 1584 and NFPA 70E.  IEEE 1584 is the primary guide on performing an analysis of arcing hazards for an electrical system.  The IEEE working group that developed this guide and is in-charge of the activities around IEEE 1584 has reviewed various research papers, test procedures, data and have come to a consensus on calculating the incident energies, arc flash boundaries, and other parameters associated with arcing hazards.  IEEE 1584 covers three-phase electrical systems from 208 V to 15 kV [2].  Single-phase alternating current (AC) and all direct current (DC) systems are not included [2].  Using the equations in IEEE 1584 for systems lower than 208 V or for single phase systems can be used, but will result in conservative incident energy calculations and arc flash boundaries [2].

NFPA 70E is the primary US standard that is used to address all electrical hazards in the workplace.  This includes setting up processes, training of employees, determining protection boundaries, personnel protective equipment (PPE) requirements, etc.  The requirements for arc flash hazard analyses are just one section of the NFPA 70E standard.

I believe that the confusion taking place today is a result of an understanding of the requirements and the standards available, and how standards have changed over time – specifically NFPA 70E.

The latest version of NFPA 70E (2012 edition), Article 130.5 requires an arc flash hazard analysis of an electrical system [3].  NFPA 70E uses IEEE 1584 as the basis for all of calculations related to arcing hazards [3].  An exemption is provided that allows for the use of Table 130.7(C)(15) and Table 130.7(C)(16) to be used in lieu of the arc flash hazard analysis [3].  Informational Note 5 refers the user of the standard to IEEE 1584 for three-phase systems rated 240 V or less [3].  While this may seem clear, it is not.

In the 2009 edition of NFPA 70E, there was clear guidance on systems rated 240 V or below.  If the system was from a single-phase source, and fed from a transformer rated not more than 125 kVA, then an arc flash hazard analysis was not required [4].  While this requirement does not require an arc flash hazard analysis, it does not remove the requirement that people working on near exposed live (energized) circuits rated 50 V or greater be protected.

Based on the requirements from OSHA and NFPA [1,3], the following recommendations should be considered when working on or near exposed live (energized) circuits rated 50 V or greater:

• Conduct a comprehensive arc flash hazard analysis for all equipment
• Use the Table 130.7(C)(15) for shock hazards
• Use NFPA 70E Table 130.7(C)(16) for arcing hazards when the voltage 240 V or less
• A software program (EasyPower or SKM) can also be used, but conservative values will be obtained
• Hazard warning labels should be provided on all electrical equipment where people could be exposed to the energized circuits according to NFPA 70E [3]
• Include shock hazards
• Include arcing hazards (arc flash)
• Ensure safe working practices are used
• Ensure safe working boundaries are established
• Ensure PPE is used properly

On another notes, the numbers of user of the Day-One-Safety checklist continues to grow.  This tool will help your employees be safe.

If you are unfamiliar with the Day-One-Safety checklist, this software application is intended to assist people with working in new or unfamiliar facilities or locations.  This is a free on-line checklist available to anyone who wants would like to use it.  To request a password send me an email at cole3250@gmail.com or to Login, click here.

References:

1. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), General Industry Safety Standards, OSHA 29 CFR 1910
2. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), IEEE Guide for Performing Arc-Flash Hazard Calculations, IEEE 1584:2002.  Piscataway, NJ USA
3. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E-2012.  Quincy, MA USA
4. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E-2009.  Quincy, MA USA

Common Requirements for the Safe Installation and Operation of Busways

For the last two months, I have looked at working safely near Switchgear and Switchboards.  This month’s topic will continue the concept of working safely around electrical equipment with a focus on Busways (also known as bus ducts). 

A Busway is defined as “A raceway consisting of a grounded metal enclosure containing factory-mounted, bare or insulated conductors, which are usually copper or aluminum bars, rods, or tubes” [1].  Most busways are located towards the ceiling of a factory, but can be installed in vertical or horizontal positions.  Busways can be located indoor or outdoor locations.  They can also be intended for low-voltage or medium-voltage applications.

Most have seen, specified, installed, or maintained busways.  Busways can be used to connect transformers, switchgear, switchboards, or panelboards, industrial machines, or other equipment together.  Busways are commonly used in manufacturing facilities to connect various types of industrial machines (e.g. injection molding machines, chillers, furnaces, specialized equipment, etc.).  Busways can also be equipment with fused and unfused disconnect switches.

Busways are required to be installed in accordance with all national, state, and municipal codes. Installation requirements include those detailed in the National Electric Code [1].  General requirements include: 

• The equipment shall be suitable for use, NFPA 70, Article 110.3
• The short circuit current rating (SCCR) of the equipment shall equal to or greater than the fault current at the point of application, NFPA 70, Article 110.10
• Equipment shall be marked with Arc-Flash warning signage, NFPA 70, Article 110.16

Specific requirements for Busways rated at 600 V or less are defined in the National Electric Code, Chapter 378 and include: 

• The equipment are to be marked with the voltage and current they were designed
• The equipment shall include the manufacturer’s name or trademark and are required to be visible after the installation

When installing bus plug-in devices intended as feeder or branch circuits, the plug-in devices are required to have an externally operated disconnect switch [1].  If the operating handle of the disconnect switch is located out of reach, ropes, chains, or sticks shall be provided for operation when employees are standing at floor level [1].

One of the reasons Busway is used in manufacturing locations is because of its flexibility.  Additional circuits can be added to the Busway as needed to connect new or repositioned equipment.  The connections are commonly made through attaching bus plug-ins (Bus Plugs) with fused disconnects. 

Many believe that the connection of Bus Plugs can be done while the Busway is energized (live).  Connection of Bus Plugs to live Busways is a hazard.  The manufacturer’s installation, operation, and maintenance documents state that connection of Bus Plugs to energized (live) Busways should not be done.  The proper method of connecting Bus Plugs to Busways is to:

• De-energize the section of Busway,
• Install the Bus Plug,
• Ensure the Bus Plug is properly seated
• Energize the Busway,
• Energize the load that the Bus Plug is intended to serve

Basic steps should be taken prior to energizing the Busway.  Some of the steps can be found in the installation instructions from the manufacturer.  Other steps are from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).  Pre-energization steps include:

1. Ensure all blocks, spacers, and packing materials are removed
2. Ensure all grounding conductors are connected
3. Manually exercise all switches, circuit breakers and other operating mechanisms
4. Visually check all phase conductors to ensure that they are landed on the proper phase terminals
5. Remove any foreign material
6. Set all switches or circuit breakers to the OFF or de-energized position
7. Ensure all panels are installed and all panel mounting screws are installed

Working safely on or near energized (live) electrical equipment is important to minimize contact with electrical energy.  Shock and arc flash hazards do happen.  By following the principles outlined here, in various standards, and those learned from electrical safety training programs will help ensure a safe workplace.

By the way, thanks to everyone who as has signed up to use the Day-One-Safety checklist!  The list of users is growing.  This tool will help your employees be safe.  

If you are unfamiliar with the Day-One-Safety checklist, this software application is intended to assist people with working in new or unfamiliar facilities or locations.  This is a free on-line checklist available to anyone who wants would like to use it.  To request a password or to Login, click here.

References:

1. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).  National Electric Code.  NFPA 70-2014, Quincy, MA USA

Switchboards – Installation Requirements and Pre-Energization Steps

Last month I discussed working safely near switchgear.  This month I will continue focusing on the requirements of distribution equipment and discussing items related to working safely near switchboards.

A switchboard is defined as “A large single panel, frame, or assembly of panels on which are mounted on the face, back, or both, switches, overcurrent and other protective devices, buses, and usually instruments” [1].  Switchboards are generally accessible from the front and rear of the cabinet, and are not intended to be installed in other cabinets.  In the US, switchboards are evaluated to UL’s Standard for Safety, Switchboards, UL 891.  UL 891 is a North American harmonized standard between Underwriters Laboratories, the Canadian Standards Association, and Mexico’s Association for Standardization and Certification.  It is best practice to have all switchboards Listed by an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL).  NRTL’s include UL, ETL, MET, CSA and a number of others.

Switchboards are required to be installed in accordance with all national, state, and municipal codes.  Installation requirements include those detailed in the National Electric Code and include [1]:

• The short circuit current rating (SCCR) of the equipment shall equal to or greater than the fault current at the point of application, NFPA 70, Article 110.10,
• Equipment shall be marked with Arc-Flash warning signage, NFPA 70, Article 110.16,
• Switches, circuit breakers (CBs), and overcurrent protective devices shall comply with other articles within the National Electric Code, e.g. Articles 240, 250, 312, 404, etc., NFPA 70, Article 408.2
• All circuits shall be clearly marked and identified, NFPA 70, Article 408.4
• Equipment shall have suitable space (clearance), NFPA 70, Article 408.18

Basic steps should be taken prior to energizing the switchboard.  Some of the steps can be found in the installation instructions from the manufacturer.  Other steps are from the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).  Pre-energization steps include:

• Ensure all blocks, spacers, and packing materials are removed
• Ensure all internal bus bars and connections are tightened (torqued) to specifications
• Ensure all grounding conductors are connected
• Manually exercise all switches, circuit breakers and other operating mechanisms
• Visually check all phase conductors to ensure that they are landed on the proper phase terminals
• Conduct an insulation resistance or megger test on all conductors coming to or leaving the switchboard
• Conduct a test to ensure that any ground fault protection system is operational
• Set any electronic trip circuit breakers to the proper values
• Remove any foreign material
• Set all switches or circuit breakers to the OFF or de-energized position
• Ensure all panels are installed and all panel mounting screws are installed

Once the pre-energization steps have been completed, a risk assessment should be conducted to identify any potential hazards and the appropriate mitigation techniques associated with the energizing of the switchboard shall be conducted.  Included in the risk assessment should be the steps and the order in which those steps will occur.

Energizing the switchboard shall be conducted by qualified personnel only.  Qualified personnel are defined as those persons who have the skills and knowledge of the construction, installation, and operation of the equipment and someone who has been trained to recognize and avoid the hazards associated with working on the equipment [3].

Even though the panels on the switchboard are properly installed, arcing hazards can occur that can injury anyone in the area of the switchboard.  To reduce the likelihood of injury only qualified personnel should be in the vicinity of the switchboard.  All qualified personnel who are inside the arc flash boundary are required to wear arc flash protection.  The arc flash boundary and the level (Category) of arc flash protection required depends on the incident energy available at the switchboard.  This can be calculated using software tools (e.g. SKM, ETAP, EasyPower) or through the tables listed in NFPA 70E.

For next month, I will continue examining distribution equipment.  I have not completely decided on the equipment, but I leaning towards busways, transformers, or surge protective devices (SPDs).  

To assist people with working in new or unfamiliar facilities or locations, use the Day-One-Safety checklist.  This is a free on-line checklist available to anyone who wants would like to use it.  To request a password or to Login, click here.

References:

1. National Fire Protection Associated (NFPA), National Electric Code, NFPA 70-2014, Quincy, MA USA
2. National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), General Instruction for Proper Installation, Operation, and Maintenance of Panelboards Rated 600 Volts or Less, NEMA PB 1.1 2007, Rosslyn, VA USA
3. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E-2012, Quincy, MA USA

Working Safely Near Switchgear

My plan for blog topics over the next few months is to focus on working safely around various types of electrical distribution equipment.  The equipment that I will discuss will be based on what I have used and found effective at keeping people safe when working near exposed live (energized) circuits.

So, let’s get going with the topic of working safely near switchgear.

“A switchgear assembly [is] completely enclosed on all sides and top with sheet metal…and containing primary power circuit switching, interrupting devices, or both, with buses and connections. The assembly may include control and auxiliary devices. Access to the interior of the enclosure is provided by doors, removable covers, or both…” [1].

In the US, switchgear are evaluated to Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Standard for Safety for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear, UL 1558, American National Standard Institute (ANSI) Standard for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear, ANSI C37.20.1, and Standard for Conformance Testing of Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage AC Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear Assemblies, ANSI C37.51.  The short circuit current and withstand testing of switchgear requires that unfused devices be tested to a short circuit current with a power factor of 15 percent for 30 cycles [1].  The short circuit current is determined by the manufacturer, but it must be equal to or greater than the calculated fault current at the point of installation [2].

When working, testing, adjusting, calibrating, or servicing switchgear, specific precautions should be observed.  

The safest method to work on or near switchgear is to de-energize the switchgear and effectively control all hazardous energy through a comprehensive lockout tagout (LOTO) program.  To ensure the switchgear remains de-energized, short all phase conductors to the grounding conductor with an appropriately rated conductor while the switchgear is de-energized.

Arcing hazards (arc flash and arc blast) can occur when energizing or de-energizing components within the switchgear, or the switchgear itself.  To reduce the risk associated with energizing or de-energizing switchgear, operating procedures and personal protective equipment (PPE) is required.  Common safe work practices include:  

• Conduct a risk assessment to identify potential hazards
• Having two qualified employees (one employee who is doing the work and one who is the first responder) conducting work
• Having qualified employees using appropriate PPE
• Having qualified employees use tested and inspected tools and equipment
• Energizing or de-energizing equipment a safe distance (but within sight)
• Energizing or de-energizing equipment from the side
• Having qualified employees create and follow safe work practices

When working on switchgear near exposed live (energized) circuits, arcing and shock hazards are present.   Adding additional equipment when the switchgear is energized is not advised.  However, testing, calibration, and adjustment of protection and control devices, power switching components, and measurement devices are common.

To mitigate shock and arcing hazards when working on energized switchgear, safe work practices and PPE is required. In addition to the safe work practices identified above, additional best practices include:  

• Ensure that all qualified employees remove all metal or loose objects
• Ensure that qualified employees understand the construction, operation, and installation of the equipment
• Having qualified employees use equipment intended for the application (proper voltages, dielectric withstand, etc.)
• Limiting the number of people within the arc flash boundary and shock hazard boundaries
• Identify contingencies to address how additional measurements or adjustments are going to be communicated and acted upon

Best practices for working around energized equipment has changed significantly with the introduction of the requirement to add arc flash labeling that was introduced with the 2002 edition of the National Electric Code and the publication of NFPA's Electrical Safety in the Workplace, NFPA 70E.  Changes are also occurring as equipment and component manufacturers introduce new technologies designed to increase safety in the workplace.  Increased workplace safety requirements are also be adopted by organizations for their employers and any vendor or contractor working on their property.

To assist people with working in new or unfamiliar facilities or locations, I have created an on-line Day-One-Safety checklist.  The Day-One-Safety checklist can run from a PC, an iPhone or an Android phone.  There is no cost to use this program.  To request a password or to Login, clickhere.

References:

1.     Underwriters Laboratories, Standard for Safety for Metal-Enclosed Low-Voltage Power Circuit Breaker Switchgear, Fourth Edition, UL 1558, 1999 February, Northbrook, IL USA.

2.     National Fire Protection Association, 2014 National Electric Code, NFPA 70-2008, Quincy, MA USA

Commitment to Safety in 2014

The books on 2013 have closed.  Overall, it was a very good year.  I did a lot of traveling, worked on some very interesting and challenging projects, and I had some great students in my electrical and product safety training classes (NFPA 70, NFPA 70E, and NFPA 79).  Unfortunately this resulted in a fewer number of blog postings than what I had planned.

One project that was challenging was the development of the Design for Safety (D4S) software application.  The first application (Day One Safety Checklist) is intended for people who are or will be working at a new or unfamiliar facility.  This allows people to answer various questions related to safety at the facility.  At the end of the questionnaire, you can print out a report for personal use or send it to your corporate safety coordinator.  I received great support on the concept, the program development, and testing of the software application.

The D4S Day One Safety Checklist is FREE to anyone who sends me their contact information.  I will then provide a user name and temporary password.  Follow this link (D4S Day One Safety Checklist) for more information on the D4S software application.

Predictions is hard, especially when it is about the future (thanks Neils Bohr!), but all indications are that 2014 is going to be as busy as 2013.  This year the list of topics for the Electrical and Product Safety blog will be:

• Switchgear
• Switchboards
• Panelboards
• Circuit breakers
• Fuses

The first blog posting about switchgear will be coming in a couple of weeks.  The topic will cover basic information on what is switchgear and what you need to consider before installing the equipment.

So, as you eagerly await the posting, I would like to ask everyone to commit to working safe this year and designing equipment or machines that do more than meet the requirements of the appropriate standard.  Instead, look at the intended and unintended use of the equipment or machine and use the most appropriate technology that not only meets the performance requirements, but choose a technology that allows those who install, operate, maintain, and test the equipment or machine to work in a safe manner.

Be Safe and Happy New Year!